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2.3. Host plants of T. absoluta
Tuta absoluta has major host, minor host and wild host. The toamato (L. esculentum) is the main
host plant for A. absoluta. Previous studies described that the species attacks other species of
cultivated Solanaceae: potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), eggplants (Solanum melongena), pepinodulce
(Solanum muricatum), peppers (Capsicum spp.), and wild Solanaceae such as Lycopersicon hirsutum,
S. Americanum, S. elaeagnifolium, S. hirtum, S. lyratum, S. nigrum, S. puberulum, Physalis angulate,
Datura stramonium, D. ferox and Nicotiana glauca, etc. Since becoming established in Europe, T.
absoluta has also occasionally been found on several species of plants, such as the sweet pepper
(Solanum muricatum), tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cape gooseberry
(Physalis peruviana L.), green beans (P. vulgaris), Lycium sp. and Malva sp.
In Sub-Saharan Arica, it is possible that T. absoluta attacks not just the cultivated Solanaceae but
also local species of the genus Solanum, such as African eggplants (S. aethiopicum, Kumba and Gilo
group, S. anguivi, S. Americanum, S. macrocarpon, S. scabrumand, S. villosum). Besides, the larvae of
T. absoluta can also be found on wild hosts such as D. stramonium L., Daturaferox L., Lycium
chilense (Coralillo), L. hirsutum L., N. glauca (Graham), S. lyratum Thumberg, S. puberulum Nuttal ex
Seemann, and S. nigrum L.
Tomato leaf miner was also reported feeding on alfalfa, Medicogo sativa, in Iraq. As for different
plant species have been reported as alternative hosts of this insect as Capegooseberry (Physalis
peruviana L.), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Lycium sp. L. and Malva sp. L.
This range indicates that T. absoluta shows a high propensity to use various plants as secondary
hosts.
Management of T. absoluta
Different management options exist for the control of T. absoluta. Some of the management options
include detection, identification and control emthods.
3.2. Control methods
Tuta absoluta is a very challenging pest to control due to tis resistance to pesticide, feeding habit
and high reproduction capacity, which in turn may lead to gene mutation. The use of chemical
pesticides was once uses as a sole control method, but has been declining with time. The pest was
reported to developed resistance to dozens of pecticides. Tuta absoluta are well controlled by a
combination of practices that are not fully effective when used alone. Various control strategy could
applied to control leaf miners. To control the pest effectively it is critical to combine all available
control measures including physical methods, cultural methods, biological control agents and the
correct use of registered pesticides.
3.2.1. Physical controls
Tuta absoluta and other flying pests like bollworm, thrips and whitefly can be physically excluded
from tomatoes grown inside the greenhouses using different methods. This may include screening of
vents in the roof and sides of greenhouses and the disciplined use of double entry doors can
reduce migration of pests into the greenhouse. Outward facing fans inside the double entry porch
can blow back any flying insect pests, which might otherwise be ‘sucked’ into the crop on theramal
currents when the outside door opens.
3.2.1.1. Screening the greenhouse vents and installation of double-doors
Green houses should be fitted with insect exclusion nets throughout and all doors capable of being
2
sealed tightly. To prevent the enty of the pest, nets with a minimum density of 9 x 6 threads/cm
have to be used. Any openings or gaps in the structure should be avoided. Human movement from
infested to non-infested greenhouses should be avoided and growers should make sure that live
adult moths are not present on their person before entering greenhouses. This method may be a
useful measure to exclude T. absoluta adults. It has to be taken into account that screening the
greenhouse will also reduce natural colonization by parasitoids and predators, thus biological control
based on the conservation of beneficial insects may be hampered. Nets also reduce greenhouse
ventilation, so measures to encourage air movement have to be implemented.
3.2.2. Biological control methods
The development of resistance to synthetic insecticides is one of the driving forces for changes in
insect pest management. Many research studies show that integration of chemical, cultural and
biological control measures are getting popular as integrated pest management (IPM), components,
throughout the world. In this regard, biological control occupies a central position in IPM
programmes. This is because biological control agents for pests and weeds have enormous and
unique advantages; it is safe, permanent, and economical. Biological control method is potentially
very beneficial tactic to develop. It has been sued against crop pest insects belonging to the orders
Homoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera, among others. Biological control
agensts (living antagonists-natural enemies: predators, parasitoids, and pathogens) are considered as
one possible solution of the T. absoluta crisis. This strategy offers a more sustainable and less
expensive alternative to chemical use.
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Tuta absoluta has major host, minor host and wild host. The toamato (L. esculentum) is the main
host plant for A. absoluta. Previous studies described that the species attacks other species of
cultivated Solanaceae: potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), eggplants (Solanum melongena), pepinodulce
(Solanum muricatum), peppers (Capsicum spp.), and wild Solanaceae such as Lycopersicon hirsutum,
S. Americanum, S. elaeagnifolium, S. hirtum, S. lyratum, S. nigrum, S. puberulum, Physalis angulate,
Datura stramonium, D. ferox and Nicotiana glauca, etc. Since becoming established in Europe, T.
absoluta has also occasionally been found on several species of plants, such as the sweet pepper
(Solanum muricatum), tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cape gooseberry
(Physalis peruviana L.), green beans (P. vulgaris), Lycium sp. and Malva sp.
In Sub-Saharan Arica, it is possible that T. absoluta attacks not just the cultivated Solanaceae but
also local species of the genus Solanum, such as African eggplants (S. aethiopicum, Kumba and Gilo
group, S. anguivi, S. Americanum, S. macrocarpon, S. scabrumand, S. villosum). Besides, the larvae of
T. absoluta can also be found on wild hosts such as D. stramonium L., Daturaferox L., Lycium
chilense (Coralillo), L. hirsutum L., N. glauca (Graham), S. lyratum Thumberg, S. puberulum Nuttal ex
Seemann, and S. nigrum L.
Tomato leaf miner was also reported feeding on alfalfa, Medicogo sativa, in Iraq. As for different
plant species have been reported as alternative hosts of this insect as Capegooseberry (Physalis
peruviana L.), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Lycium sp. L. and Malva sp. L.
This range indicates that T. absoluta shows a high propensity to use various plants as secondary
hosts.
Management of T. absoluta
Different management options exist for the control of T. absoluta. Some of the management options
include detection, identification and control emthods.
3.2. Control methods
Tuta absoluta is a very challenging pest to control due to tis resistance to pesticide, feeding habit
and high reproduction capacity, which in turn may lead to gene mutation. The use of chemical
pesticides was once uses as a sole control method, but has been declining with time. The pest was
reported to developed resistance to dozens of pecticides. Tuta absoluta are well controlled by a
combination of practices that are not fully effective when used alone. Various control strategy could
applied to control leaf miners. To control the pest effectively it is critical to combine all available
control measures including physical methods, cultural methods, biological control agents and the
correct use of registered pesticides.
3.2.1. Physical controls
Tuta absoluta and other flying pests like bollworm, thrips and whitefly can be physically excluded
from tomatoes grown inside the greenhouses using different methods. This may include screening of
vents in the roof and sides of greenhouses and the disciplined use of double entry doors can
reduce migration of pests into the greenhouse. Outward facing fans inside the double entry porch
can blow back any flying insect pests, which might otherwise be ‘sucked’ into the crop on theramal
currents when the outside door opens.
3.2.1.1. Screening the greenhouse vents and installation of double-doors
Green houses should be fitted with insect exclusion nets throughout and all doors capable of being
2
sealed tightly. To prevent the enty of the pest, nets with a minimum density of 9 x 6 threads/cm
have to be used. Any openings or gaps in the structure should be avoided. Human movement from
infested to non-infested greenhouses should be avoided and growers should make sure that live
adult moths are not present on their person before entering greenhouses. This method may be a
useful measure to exclude T. absoluta adults. It has to be taken into account that screening the
greenhouse will also reduce natural colonization by parasitoids and predators, thus biological control
based on the conservation of beneficial insects may be hampered. Nets also reduce greenhouse
ventilation, so measures to encourage air movement have to be implemented.
3.2.2. Biological control methods
The development of resistance to synthetic insecticides is one of the driving forces for changes in
insect pest management. Many research studies show that integration of chemical, cultural and
biological control measures are getting popular as integrated pest management (IPM), components,
throughout the world. In this regard, biological control occupies a central position in IPM
programmes. This is because biological control agents for pests and weeds have enormous and
unique advantages; it is safe, permanent, and economical. Biological control method is potentially
very beneficial tactic to develop. It has been sued against crop pest insects belonging to the orders
Homoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera, among others. Biological control
agensts (living antagonists-natural enemies: predators, parasitoids, and pathogens) are considered as
one possible solution of the T. absoluta crisis. This strategy offers a more sustainable and less
expensive alternative to chemical use.
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