총 834페이지
399페이지 본문시작
has been withdrawn. Most stored grain insects are resistant. DDVP Vapona® Also
as strips. Used in the head space against Indianmeal moth. Methoprene Gentrol,
Diacon II® Kills developing insects only, slow kill of larvae, no kill of adults though
causes sterility. High cost and must use other products before sale. Newly
marketed. Chlorpyrifos-methyl + deltamethrin Storcide II ® Applied as a coarse
spray to the grain stream as it is moved into the bin. Pyrethrins Pyrenone®
Expensive, short residual life.
Grain Storage and Fumigation - 11 Dust Insecticides Labeled
for Use as Grain Protectants Active Ingredient Example Brands Comments
Malathion Big 6 Grain Protector®, Agrisolutions 6% Malathion Grain Dust
Top-dress treatment. Insects are resistant in many areas. Millers resist purchasing
grain with strong malathion odor. Diatomaceous earth (DE) Protect-It™, Insecto®
Can lower the test weight of grain and is expensive if it is applied to entire grain
mass, so is best applied to empty bins and to the top and bottom layers of the
grain mass.
FUMIGANTS Properly conducted fumigation will stop insect
infestation and grain degradation from getting progressively worse. When
fumigation is effectively conducted in late fall, pest populations can be drastically
reduced.
Fumigation is recommended if:
? Grain samples reveal the presence of insectdamaged-kernals (IDK).
? Samples or traps capture harmful insects (lesser grain borer, granary weevil).
? Trapping or sampling indicates that a population of secondary pests like the rusty
grain beetle is expanding rapidly.
Fumigants registered for use are phosphine, either released from aluminum or
magnesium phosphide or directly as a gas, methyl bromide, and chloropicrin (used
for empty bin treatment only). Tablets or pellets of aluminum or magnesium
phosphide are sold under Weevilcide®, Fumitoxin®, and Phostoxin® trade names.
Phosphine gas mixed with carbon dioxide is sold in gas cylinders as ECO2Fume®.
Methyl bromide is expensive, difficult to use properly on raw grain, kills the germ,
and is not recommended for stored grain, especially seed wheat.
In addition,
methyl bromide use is being phased out due to its status as an ozone depleter
under the Montreal protocol. The phosphide pellets or tablets release phosphine
gas as they are exposed to moisture in the air. In a large storage facility,
phosphide pellets or tablets are often added to infested grain as it is moved from
one silo to another silo, bin, railcar, or truck.
NOTE: The treatment of mobile
units must be in isolation as per label standards and the units can not be moved
until the fumigation is over and the residue has been properly aerated!
For fixed
facilities with a significant infestation, pellets or tablets are probed deeply into the
mass and also similarly distributed near the top surface. The released gas is more
effectively distributed through the mass using an air-circulation system known as
closed-loop fumigation (CLF). For an effective fumigation, the facility must be well
sealed to prevent gas leakage to maintain a high enough dosage for sufficient time
to kill all life stages of the infesting insects. This requirement to prevent leaks is
now a label requirement for the use of phosphine products. In Montana, phosphine
can only be sold to and used by pesticide applicators that are certified in its use.
Phosphine is used because it has good cost-benefit factors, is safe for workers
when used properly, is environmentally safe, has no residue, is highly effective, and
is remedial when large insect populations are found. Phosphine can be corrosive to
copper and precious metals, such as those found in electronic equipment
(computers, aeration fan motors, etc.), which limits its use in buildings.
Fumigation is more effective when sanitation, grain leveling, removal of fines, and
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as strips. Used in the head space against Indianmeal moth. Methoprene Gentrol,
Diacon II® Kills developing insects only, slow kill of larvae, no kill of adults though
causes sterility. High cost and must use other products before sale. Newly
marketed. Chlorpyrifos-methyl + deltamethrin Storcide II ® Applied as a coarse
spray to the grain stream as it is moved into the bin. Pyrethrins Pyrenone®
Expensive, short residual life.
Grain Storage and Fumigation - 11 Dust Insecticides Labeled
for Use as Grain Protectants Active Ingredient Example Brands Comments
Malathion Big 6 Grain Protector®, Agrisolutions 6% Malathion Grain Dust
Top-dress treatment. Insects are resistant in many areas. Millers resist purchasing
grain with strong malathion odor. Diatomaceous earth (DE) Protect-It™, Insecto®
Can lower the test weight of grain and is expensive if it is applied to entire grain
mass, so is best applied to empty bins and to the top and bottom layers of the
grain mass.
FUMIGANTS Properly conducted fumigation will stop insect
infestation and grain degradation from getting progressively worse. When
fumigation is effectively conducted in late fall, pest populations can be drastically
reduced.
Fumigation is recommended if:
? Grain samples reveal the presence of insectdamaged-kernals (IDK).
? Samples or traps capture harmful insects (lesser grain borer, granary weevil).
? Trapping or sampling indicates that a population of secondary pests like the rusty
grain beetle is expanding rapidly.
Fumigants registered for use are phosphine, either released from aluminum or
magnesium phosphide or directly as a gas, methyl bromide, and chloropicrin (used
for empty bin treatment only). Tablets or pellets of aluminum or magnesium
phosphide are sold under Weevilcide®, Fumitoxin®, and Phostoxin® trade names.
Phosphine gas mixed with carbon dioxide is sold in gas cylinders as ECO2Fume®.
Methyl bromide is expensive, difficult to use properly on raw grain, kills the germ,
and is not recommended for stored grain, especially seed wheat.
In addition,
methyl bromide use is being phased out due to its status as an ozone depleter
under the Montreal protocol. The phosphide pellets or tablets release phosphine
gas as they are exposed to moisture in the air. In a large storage facility,
phosphide pellets or tablets are often added to infested grain as it is moved from
one silo to another silo, bin, railcar, or truck.
NOTE: The treatment of mobile
units must be in isolation as per label standards and the units can not be moved
until the fumigation is over and the residue has been properly aerated!
For fixed
facilities with a significant infestation, pellets or tablets are probed deeply into the
mass and also similarly distributed near the top surface. The released gas is more
effectively distributed through the mass using an air-circulation system known as
closed-loop fumigation (CLF). For an effective fumigation, the facility must be well
sealed to prevent gas leakage to maintain a high enough dosage for sufficient time
to kill all life stages of the infesting insects. This requirement to prevent leaks is
now a label requirement for the use of phosphine products. In Montana, phosphine
can only be sold to and used by pesticide applicators that are certified in its use.
Phosphine is used because it has good cost-benefit factors, is safe for workers
when used properly, is environmentally safe, has no residue, is highly effective, and
is remedial when large insect populations are found. Phosphine can be corrosive to
copper and precious metals, such as those found in electronic equipment
(computers, aeration fan motors, etc.), which limits its use in buildings.
Fumigation is more effective when sanitation, grain leveling, removal of fines, and
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