총 115페이지
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Summary
Summary
Under the project "Establishment of antimicrobial resistance surveillance system for livestock" by
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs and under the project "Monitoring of antimicrobial
resistance and genetic analysis of foodborne bacteria", and “Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance
of foodborne bacteria from imported meats” by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, we investigated
the amount of antimicrobials sold for use in livestock and fisheries and antimicrobial resistance of
bacteria isolated from food producing animals, carcasses, retail food and imported meats in Korea
during 2014. The main results of the investigations are summarized as follows:
1. Antimicrobial use in livestock
The trends in the sales of antimicrobials in animals and fisheries were investigated by
animal species and antimicrobial agents in Korea from 2003. In total, around 1,500 tons of
antimicrobials were sold each year during 2003-2007, however, the amounts tend to decrease to
around 1,000 tons from 2008. Furthermore, less than 1,000 tons of antimicrobials were sold from
2011 to 2014 for the four consecutive years and 635 tons of antimicrobials were sold in 2014 which
was the lowest since 2003. The largest volume of antimicrobials was sold for use in pigs (47-57%)
followed by poultry (18-24%), fishery (11-26%), and cattle (5-9%). Tetracycline(167 tons) and
penicillins (162 tons) were the biggest selling antimicrobial. Overall sale of most of antimicrobials
gradually decreased, however, the sales of phenicols and cephalosporins increased by 1.9 and 2.3
times from 2006 to 2014, respectively.
2. Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in animals and carcasses
To investigate the antimicrobial resistance in animals and carcasses, 2,464 indicator bacteria
and 1,013 foodborne pathogens were isolated from fecal samples and carcasses of animals during
2014: 1,174 E. coli, 451 E. faecium, 839 E. faecalis, 292 Salmonella spp., 308 Campylobacter
spp., and 413 S. aureus. In addition, a total of 391 pathogenic bacteria were isolated from
diseased animals: 95E. coli, 85Salmonella spp., 85P. multocida, 23A. pleuropneumoniae, and
103S. suis. Among theE. coli from healthy animals and carcasses, high rates of resistance to
tetracycline, ampicillin, and streptomycin was observed but resistance to colistin and ceftiofur
was rare except for ceftiofur resistance in poultry (7.3%) and chicken carcasses (15.0%).
Resistance ofE. faecium andE. faecalis gradually decreased for most antimicrobials and no or
low rates of resistance were observed for vancomycin, daptomycin, and linezolid that are used
for treatment of important bacterial disease in humans. Generally, higher rates of resistance
and MIC levels were observed in indicator bacteria isolated from pigs (pig carcasses) and poultry
(chicken carcasses) than those from cattle (cattle carcasses). Among the Salmonella isolates,
resistance varied according to animal species and carcass samples. Resistance to ceftiofur, a
rd
3
generation cephem, was observed in poultry (37.8%) and chicken carcass (50.9%) isolates.
Regardless the origin of the isolates, Campylobacter spp. showed the highest resistance rate
to ciprofloxacin. There was a tendency for C. coli to be more resistant than C. jejuni to the
macrolides. Penicillin resistance was highest among S. aureus isolates from all kinds of meat
3
Summary
Under the project "Establishment of antimicrobial resistance surveillance system for livestock" by
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs and under the project "Monitoring of antimicrobial
resistance and genetic analysis of foodborne bacteria", and “Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance
of foodborne bacteria from imported meats” by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, we investigated
the amount of antimicrobials sold for use in livestock and fisheries and antimicrobial resistance of
bacteria isolated from food producing animals, carcasses, retail food and imported meats in Korea
during 2014. The main results of the investigations are summarized as follows:
1. Antimicrobial use in livestock
The trends in the sales of antimicrobials in animals and fisheries were investigated by
animal species and antimicrobial agents in Korea from 2003. In total, around 1,500 tons of
antimicrobials were sold each year during 2003-2007, however, the amounts tend to decrease to
around 1,000 tons from 2008. Furthermore, less than 1,000 tons of antimicrobials were sold from
2011 to 2014 for the four consecutive years and 635 tons of antimicrobials were sold in 2014 which
was the lowest since 2003. The largest volume of antimicrobials was sold for use in pigs (47-57%)
followed by poultry (18-24%), fishery (11-26%), and cattle (5-9%). Tetracycline(167 tons) and
penicillins (162 tons) were the biggest selling antimicrobial. Overall sale of most of antimicrobials
gradually decreased, however, the sales of phenicols and cephalosporins increased by 1.9 and 2.3
times from 2006 to 2014, respectively.
2. Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in animals and carcasses
To investigate the antimicrobial resistance in animals and carcasses, 2,464 indicator bacteria
and 1,013 foodborne pathogens were isolated from fecal samples and carcasses of animals during
2014: 1,174 E. coli, 451 E. faecium, 839 E. faecalis, 292 Salmonella spp., 308 Campylobacter
spp., and 413 S. aureus. In addition, a total of 391 pathogenic bacteria were isolated from
diseased animals: 95E. coli, 85Salmonella spp., 85P. multocida, 23A. pleuropneumoniae, and
103S. suis. Among theE. coli from healthy animals and carcasses, high rates of resistance to
tetracycline, ampicillin, and streptomycin was observed but resistance to colistin and ceftiofur
was rare except for ceftiofur resistance in poultry (7.3%) and chicken carcasses (15.0%).
Resistance ofE. faecium andE. faecalis gradually decreased for most antimicrobials and no or
low rates of resistance were observed for vancomycin, daptomycin, and linezolid that are used
for treatment of important bacterial disease in humans. Generally, higher rates of resistance
and MIC levels were observed in indicator bacteria isolated from pigs (pig carcasses) and poultry
(chicken carcasses) than those from cattle (cattle carcasses). Among the Salmonella isolates,
resistance varied according to animal species and carcass samples. Resistance to ceftiofur, a
rd
3
generation cephem, was observed in poultry (37.8%) and chicken carcass (50.9%) isolates.
Regardless the origin of the isolates, Campylobacter spp. showed the highest resistance rate
to ciprofloxacin. There was a tendency for C. coli to be more resistant than C. jejuni to the
macrolides. Penicillin resistance was highest among S. aureus isolates from all kinds of meat
3
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