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pesticides, and better germ plasm. So what we’re done is aggregated those in a table that is soon
to be available and we categorize them in three ways:
What are the good agricultural practices of using the best seed available, soil fertility management,
and soil water management. An unstressed plant is going to be more resistant to pest attack than
a plant that is highly stressed.
Then there’s a group that’s more about pesticides and other kinds of control methods that can be
used. And we’ve tried to aggregate those biopesticides and biological control methods that have
been demonstrated. We are trying to use evidence to guide all our work. There are a lot of things
out there, and we want to make sure we’re providing quality information to all our partners, who
can then adapt in their own settings through demonstration trials and possibly field trials.
Then there is a third category that include some aspirational approaches that we don’t have
evidence for yet. For example, methods that have proven effective on other pest but are unproven
on this one, or methods that can’t get to scale, such as hand-picking.
We’ve also categorized them by safety, efficacy, compatibility with biological control, cost, and
access in terms of policy (approved registrations). Some countries have more restrictions than other
on the ability to bring a new product to market. We’re trying to allow people to benefit from the
global knowledge that’s there instead of reinventing their own system.
AgriBusiness Global: You touched on this briefly already: How available are control options? Some
legacy chemistries might be applicable but some new ones might be more affective. You talked
about the fragmentation in regulatory systems. What is the role of private enterprise in helping to
make technologies available to combat these emerging pests?
Dr. Bertram: It’s very important and we have seen development of new chemistries and approaches,
seed treatments, for example, that confer resistance for the first six weeks to two months of the
plant’s life. That’s an extremely critical period to protect the plant from attack. That allows the crop
to get off to a good start. It’s not necessarily widely available yet as in some places, and because
it’s new and has to go through a regulatory review in some countries [it is harder to access]. In a
continent like sub-Saharan Africa, you have a lot of small countries with a lot of hurdles. So some
of the work we do at USAID is working with partner countries in regions to try to harmonize
systems so that if a sed variety is approved in two countries in East Africa, then the rest of the
countries will adopt it, and the same thing can be applied in this space.
There is a virus-based spray out of California that is really exciting, but it’s expensive and not
available everywhere. But these things are far preferable to some of the legacy chemistries. Often
these are chemistries that are no longer used in North America, Europe, or Australia, for example.
So that combined with misuse or misapplication or lack of personal protective equipment. Everyone
knows what PPP is now, but in the plant protection business it has been a household term for a
long time, and that’s often lacking in the context where we are.
Good agricultural practices, good seed. We are getting non-transgenic based sources of resistance.
They’re not as good as the transgenic resistance that farmers in the Americas use but they help.
So there is a range of things that can be done and it requires judgement and the farmer being
able to see the problem and use an appropriate approach, and for a number of reasons, farmers’
choices are limited.
AgriBusiness Global: Are you seeing private enterprises increasing registrations for new products in
some of these markets that need them? Are they answering the call?
Dr. Bertram: Yes some of them are. It’s a good business practice. They want to grow the business
and they want to bring these better products to the farmers. We are also working to try to
enhance the regulatory enabling environment so that it will be more cost effective for the private
sector to come and invest. And of course they don’t just invest in the products, they then invest
in the value chain by investing in agro-dealers to make the information and the product available.
The industry has responded. There are new products getting used. But getting them to through
the last mile to the farmers, like a family in Malawi where a woman is raising five children and
has about an acre of land, that’s a tough one, and that’s where unfortunately people need to fall
back on whatever control methods are available.
AgriBusiness Global: Are there a handful of active substances that you with you could make
available to regions being affected? You mentioned the biological viral spray and seed treatments:
Dr. Bertram: Yes, and in our work at FAO we’ll be listing the active ingredients. The policy is not
to list brand names, but there are safer ingredients that can be used, yes.
AgriBusiness Global: There are a litany of AIs that treat this in the US, are ones that are most
applicable to sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia?
- 78 -
to be available and we categorize them in three ways:
What are the good agricultural practices of using the best seed available, soil fertility management,
and soil water management. An unstressed plant is going to be more resistant to pest attack than
a plant that is highly stressed.
Then there’s a group that’s more about pesticides and other kinds of control methods that can be
used. And we’ve tried to aggregate those biopesticides and biological control methods that have
been demonstrated. We are trying to use evidence to guide all our work. There are a lot of things
out there, and we want to make sure we’re providing quality information to all our partners, who
can then adapt in their own settings through demonstration trials and possibly field trials.
Then there is a third category that include some aspirational approaches that we don’t have
evidence for yet. For example, methods that have proven effective on other pest but are unproven
on this one, or methods that can’t get to scale, such as hand-picking.
We’ve also categorized them by safety, efficacy, compatibility with biological control, cost, and
access in terms of policy (approved registrations). Some countries have more restrictions than other
on the ability to bring a new product to market. We’re trying to allow people to benefit from the
global knowledge that’s there instead of reinventing their own system.
AgriBusiness Global: You touched on this briefly already: How available are control options? Some
legacy chemistries might be applicable but some new ones might be more affective. You talked
about the fragmentation in regulatory systems. What is the role of private enterprise in helping to
make technologies available to combat these emerging pests?
Dr. Bertram: It’s very important and we have seen development of new chemistries and approaches,
seed treatments, for example, that confer resistance for the first six weeks to two months of the
plant’s life. That’s an extremely critical period to protect the plant from attack. That allows the crop
to get off to a good start. It’s not necessarily widely available yet as in some places, and because
it’s new and has to go through a regulatory review in some countries [it is harder to access]. In a
continent like sub-Saharan Africa, you have a lot of small countries with a lot of hurdles. So some
of the work we do at USAID is working with partner countries in regions to try to harmonize
systems so that if a sed variety is approved in two countries in East Africa, then the rest of the
countries will adopt it, and the same thing can be applied in this space.
There is a virus-based spray out of California that is really exciting, but it’s expensive and not
available everywhere. But these things are far preferable to some of the legacy chemistries. Often
these are chemistries that are no longer used in North America, Europe, or Australia, for example.
So that combined with misuse or misapplication or lack of personal protective equipment. Everyone
knows what PPP is now, but in the plant protection business it has been a household term for a
long time, and that’s often lacking in the context where we are.
Good agricultural practices, good seed. We are getting non-transgenic based sources of resistance.
They’re not as good as the transgenic resistance that farmers in the Americas use but they help.
So there is a range of things that can be done and it requires judgement and the farmer being
able to see the problem and use an appropriate approach, and for a number of reasons, farmers’
choices are limited.
AgriBusiness Global: Are you seeing private enterprises increasing registrations for new products in
some of these markets that need them? Are they answering the call?
Dr. Bertram: Yes some of them are. It’s a good business practice. They want to grow the business
and they want to bring these better products to the farmers. We are also working to try to
enhance the regulatory enabling environment so that it will be more cost effective for the private
sector to come and invest. And of course they don’t just invest in the products, they then invest
in the value chain by investing in agro-dealers to make the information and the product available.
The industry has responded. There are new products getting used. But getting them to through
the last mile to the farmers, like a family in Malawi where a woman is raising five children and
has about an acre of land, that’s a tough one, and that’s where unfortunately people need to fall
back on whatever control methods are available.
AgriBusiness Global: Are there a handful of active substances that you with you could make
available to regions being affected? You mentioned the biological viral spray and seed treatments:
Dr. Bertram: Yes, and in our work at FAO we’ll be listing the active ingredients. The policy is not
to list brand names, but there are safer ingredients that can be used, yes.
AgriBusiness Global: There are a litany of AIs that treat this in the US, are ones that are most
applicable to sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia?
- 78 -
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