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grain (Figure 1.19). Figure 1.17 Figure 1.18 Figure 1.19
Prevention of moisture
migration by maintaining a uniform temperature throughout the grain mass greatly
reduces the possibility of mold development as well as insect feeding and
reproduction. Aeration will not kill insects, but will slow their growth and
development. Aerated bins contain lower insect populations than non-aerated bins
through the winter, thus aeration greatly reduces the requirement for fumigation.
In Montana, running aeration fans continuously for up to one week, and then
running them only at night will rapidly cool grain stored to temperatures that inhibit
insect feeding and reproduction in smaller bins. Aeration fans at the base of the
bin move cool air through the mass, with warm air exhausting through vents in the
roof. Airflow rates of 0.1 to 0.5 cfm/bu are historically recommended for wheat at
normal moisture levels. However, higher airflow, night aeration is most effective
during late summer and fall, when the air temperature is below 60°F. In Montana,
the nighttime air temperatures conducive for cooling occur from the time of first
storage onwards. The number of aeration hours required to cool the grain to less
than 50°F depends on the volume of wheat, the depth of the grain in the bin,
airflow rates, and the difference between grain and ambient air temperatures.
Automatic controllers turn the aeration fans on when the ambient air temperature
drops a set interval (5° F for example) below the grain temperature to cool the
grain. The controllers turn the fan off when the air temperature exceeds the set
point. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL There are a number of insect predators and
parasitic wasps that attack insect pests of stored grain. All are effective if used in
overwhelming numbers. However, biologicals are generally not used because the
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and food processors do not accept live insects
or insect parts in raw grain. This inudative approach is simply the addition of very
large numbers of beneficial insects.
Biological agents have limited commercial
availability and are cost prohibitive, except perhaps for organic production.
Specific species that attack the different groups of pests are listed below. It is
important to note that there are limited numbers of naturally occurring biological
control agents: Primary Pests Parasitic wasp of grain - Anisopteromalus
calandrae - Choetospila elegans - Lariophagus distinguendus
Predaceous mites
Warehouse pirate bug - Xylocoris flavipes Secondary Pests Predaceous mites
Warehouse pirate bug - Xylocoris flavipes Indianmeal moth Habrobracon hebetor
Predaceous mites 17. Trichogramma pretiosum Warehouse pirate bug - Xylocoris
flavipes
Figure 1.20
Grain Storage and Fumigation - 10 INSECTICIDE
TREATMENTS Empty bin treatments include residual insecticides applied in and
around the fan, aeration ducts, auger, door openings, and hatch covers, or
fumigants, before bins are filled at harvest. Commercial facilities must comply with
the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) bin entry permits.
Following are pesticides available for treating empty bins:
Insecticides Labeled for
Use as Empty Bin Treatments Active Ingredient (a.i.) Example Brands Comments /
Usage Cyfluthrin Tempo Sc Ultra Premise Spray® Most effective residual as
compared with malathion and chloripyrifos-methyl. Diatomaceous earth (DE) Insecto,
Protect-it® Excellent empty bin treatment. Special grade required for grain use.
Must use DE labeled for grain. Malathion Malathion No longer recommended for
empty grain bins because of high insect resistance and rapid degradation in warm,
relatively moist grain. Chlorpyrifos-methyl + deltamethrin Storcide II ® Can only be
applied from outside of bin and sprayed downward into bin.
Chloropicrin
Chlor-o-pic® Empty bin fumigant, under false floor, aeration tubes, and tunnels.
Methyl bromide Brom-o-gas®, others Empty bin fumigant; seldom used. Phosphine
Phostoxin®, others Empty bin fumigant.
Grain protectants are insecticides applied
directly onto grain going into the storage or already in storage. Grain protectants
do not kill insects inside the kernels. Following are insecticides labeled as
protectants.
In Montana, the use of protectants should be limited to high-value
commodities that need protection during storage for several months, and for which
it is cost effective to use them. For direct application on wheat at first storage,
there are limited circumstances where the use of a protectant is necessary.
Liquid Insecticides Labeled for Use as Grain Protectants Active Ingredient Example
Brands Comments Malathion Malathion 5EC Existing stocks are available but label
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Prevention of moisture
migration by maintaining a uniform temperature throughout the grain mass greatly
reduces the possibility of mold development as well as insect feeding and
reproduction. Aeration will not kill insects, but will slow their growth and
development. Aerated bins contain lower insect populations than non-aerated bins
through the winter, thus aeration greatly reduces the requirement for fumigation.
In Montana, running aeration fans continuously for up to one week, and then
running them only at night will rapidly cool grain stored to temperatures that inhibit
insect feeding and reproduction in smaller bins. Aeration fans at the base of the
bin move cool air through the mass, with warm air exhausting through vents in the
roof. Airflow rates of 0.1 to 0.5 cfm/bu are historically recommended for wheat at
normal moisture levels. However, higher airflow, night aeration is most effective
during late summer and fall, when the air temperature is below 60°F. In Montana,
the nighttime air temperatures conducive for cooling occur from the time of first
storage onwards. The number of aeration hours required to cool the grain to less
than 50°F depends on the volume of wheat, the depth of the grain in the bin,
airflow rates, and the difference between grain and ambient air temperatures.
Automatic controllers turn the aeration fans on when the ambient air temperature
drops a set interval (5° F for example) below the grain temperature to cool the
grain. The controllers turn the fan off when the air temperature exceeds the set
point. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL There are a number of insect predators and
parasitic wasps that attack insect pests of stored grain. All are effective if used in
overwhelming numbers. However, biologicals are generally not used because the
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and food processors do not accept live insects
or insect parts in raw grain. This inudative approach is simply the addition of very
large numbers of beneficial insects.
Biological agents have limited commercial
availability and are cost prohibitive, except perhaps for organic production.
Specific species that attack the different groups of pests are listed below. It is
important to note that there are limited numbers of naturally occurring biological
control agents: Primary Pests Parasitic wasp of grain - Anisopteromalus
calandrae - Choetospila elegans - Lariophagus distinguendus
Predaceous mites
Warehouse pirate bug - Xylocoris flavipes Secondary Pests Predaceous mites
Warehouse pirate bug - Xylocoris flavipes Indianmeal moth Habrobracon hebetor
Predaceous mites 17. Trichogramma pretiosum Warehouse pirate bug - Xylocoris
flavipes
Figure 1.20
Grain Storage and Fumigation - 10 INSECTICIDE
TREATMENTS Empty bin treatments include residual insecticides applied in and
around the fan, aeration ducts, auger, door openings, and hatch covers, or
fumigants, before bins are filled at harvest. Commercial facilities must comply with
the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) bin entry permits.
Following are pesticides available for treating empty bins:
Insecticides Labeled for
Use as Empty Bin Treatments Active Ingredient (a.i.) Example Brands Comments /
Usage Cyfluthrin Tempo Sc Ultra Premise Spray® Most effective residual as
compared with malathion and chloripyrifos-methyl. Diatomaceous earth (DE) Insecto,
Protect-it® Excellent empty bin treatment. Special grade required for grain use.
Must use DE labeled for grain. Malathion Malathion No longer recommended for
empty grain bins because of high insect resistance and rapid degradation in warm,
relatively moist grain. Chlorpyrifos-methyl + deltamethrin Storcide II ® Can only be
applied from outside of bin and sprayed downward into bin.
Chloropicrin
Chlor-o-pic® Empty bin fumigant, under false floor, aeration tubes, and tunnels.
Methyl bromide Brom-o-gas®, others Empty bin fumigant; seldom used. Phosphine
Phostoxin®, others Empty bin fumigant.
Grain protectants are insecticides applied
directly onto grain going into the storage or already in storage. Grain protectants
do not kill insects inside the kernels. Following are insecticides labeled as
protectants.
In Montana, the use of protectants should be limited to high-value
commodities that need protection during storage for several months, and for which
it is cost effective to use them. For direct application on wheat at first storage,
there are limited circumstances where the use of a protectant is necessary.
Liquid Insecticides Labeled for Use as Grain Protectants Active Ingredient Example
Brands Comments Malathion Malathion 5EC Existing stocks are available but label
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