총 792페이지
220페이지 본문시작
에 대한 저항성을 키울 위험이 높다는 사실을 모를 수도 있습니다. 유사한 곤경을 피하려면 탄자니
아의 현재 해충 관리 관행에 변화가 필요합니다. 전체적인 통합 접근법을 사용하는 통합 해충 관리
(IPM) 전략은 T. Absoluta 및 기타 해충의 통제를 강화할 가능성이 높습니다. 국내 토마토 이해관계
자와 농업 부문은 해충 퇴치를 위한 포괄적인 전략을 개발할 필요가 있습니다. 이러한 전략은 해충
을 조기에 발견하고 해충이 심각한 피해를 입히기 전에 해충의 증식을 막는 데 도움이 될 수 있습
니다.
3. 원 문
Tomato yield losses due to attack of insects/pests in Pakkhal Valley of District Mansehra Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
The highest yield recorded was above 16,000 kg/acre achieved by only less than a quarter (23.1%),
while collectively above fifty percent (53.9%), tomato growers were incompetent to achieve per acre
yield of 12,000 kg. Majority (81.5%) tomato growers faced aphids attack while more than 50%
reported whitefly, Cutworm, mites and Armyworm. Leaf miner, thrips and fruit fly were reported by
less than 50% of the total respondents.
The result of regression analysis revealed that attack of insects/pests i.e. aphids, armyworm, mites,
thrips and fruit fly were found non-significant while cutworm, whitefly and leaf miner have significant
negative effects on per acre yield of tomato.
It is recommened to spray on the proper time along with follow-ups and physical control techniques.
Selection of right time, control methods, appropriate insecticides/pesticides along-with recommended
dose and treatments must be defined by the recommendations of agriculture experts instead of
fellow farmers and agrovet sellers. Trainings, workshops and field activities should be organized
regarding improved farm management practices especially on the aspect of insects/pests
management to minimize the yield losses.
Mansehra is a major tomato producting districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The district covered 716
hectares (1769.236 acres) with 3,570 tonnes (3,570,000 kg) of tomatoes during 2020 inclduing Kharif
and Rabi seasons. Vegetables and fruits are commonly cultivated in district Mansehra due to
promising climatic and weather conditions. The Pahkli plain (Pakkhal valley) has productive and fertile
land because of its irrigation infrastructure. Despite of all suitable conditions of cultivation, Mansehran
ever placed itself in high tomato yielding districts of the province because of its pitiable yield per
area as compared to other districts of the province like Dir Upper, Nowshera, Mardan, Dir Lower,
Malakand, D.I. Khan, Swat and Chitral. In Mansehra district, tomato cultivation is a common trend
since independence of the country but it is still deprived of its actual productive potential.
There is an urgent need of exploring different aspects, responsible for low yield and stagnant
production of the tomato crop in the area. In this regard current study was initiated on the aspect
of identification of major insects/pests responsible for low yield and production of tomato crop in
the district.
Insects/pests management
In connection with inspects/pests management, Majority (75.4%) tomato growers used chemical
method to combat insects/pests attack while remaining (24.6%) used chemical and as well as physical
method. Tomato growers in the study area are highly (100%) reliant on insecticides/pesticides in
order to control insects/pests attack. Respondents with large family size and labour force furthermore
used physical method along with chemical application. Small-scale tomato growers heavily rely on
synthetic chemicals to combat diseases and pests (Nashwa and Abo-Elyousr, 2012; Asante et al.,
2013). In addition, Barasa et al., (2019) reported that tomato growers applied a range of chemical
groups to manage tomato pests and diseases.
Table 2 depicts that majority (81.5%) tomato growers faced aphids (order: Hemiptera) attack while
18.5% did not face followed by 61.5% who faced whitefly (order: Hemiptera) attack while 38.5% did
not face, Cutworm (order: Lepidoptera) attack was reported by 56.9% respondents while 43.1%
reported no attact, regarding mites (order: Trombidiformes) 55.4% reported its attack while 44.6%
reported no attack of mites, Armyworm (order: Lepidoptera) was reported by 52.3% while 47.7%
reported its no attack, Leaf miner (order: Diptera) attack was faced by 43.1% while 56.9% did not
face, thrips (order: Thysanoptera) attack was reported by 40.0% while 60.0% reported its no attack
and 35.4% faced attack of fruit fly (order: Diptera) while 64.6% did not face.
The study findings are in line with the results of Ishtiaq et al. (2017) who claimed that
Lepidopterans, white flies, leaf miners and aphids were identified as tomato insect pests in several
- 220 -
아의 현재 해충 관리 관행에 변화가 필요합니다. 전체적인 통합 접근법을 사용하는 통합 해충 관리
(IPM) 전략은 T. Absoluta 및 기타 해충의 통제를 강화할 가능성이 높습니다. 국내 토마토 이해관계
자와 농업 부문은 해충 퇴치를 위한 포괄적인 전략을 개발할 필요가 있습니다. 이러한 전략은 해충
을 조기에 발견하고 해충이 심각한 피해를 입히기 전에 해충의 증식을 막는 데 도움이 될 수 있습
니다.
3. 원 문
Tomato yield losses due to attack of insects/pests in Pakkhal Valley of District Mansehra Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
The highest yield recorded was above 16,000 kg/acre achieved by only less than a quarter (23.1%),
while collectively above fifty percent (53.9%), tomato growers were incompetent to achieve per acre
yield of 12,000 kg. Majority (81.5%) tomato growers faced aphids attack while more than 50%
reported whitefly, Cutworm, mites and Armyworm. Leaf miner, thrips and fruit fly were reported by
less than 50% of the total respondents.
The result of regression analysis revealed that attack of insects/pests i.e. aphids, armyworm, mites,
thrips and fruit fly were found non-significant while cutworm, whitefly and leaf miner have significant
negative effects on per acre yield of tomato.
It is recommened to spray on the proper time along with follow-ups and physical control techniques.
Selection of right time, control methods, appropriate insecticides/pesticides along-with recommended
dose and treatments must be defined by the recommendations of agriculture experts instead of
fellow farmers and agrovet sellers. Trainings, workshops and field activities should be organized
regarding improved farm management practices especially on the aspect of insects/pests
management to minimize the yield losses.
Mansehra is a major tomato producting districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The district covered 716
hectares (1769.236 acres) with 3,570 tonnes (3,570,000 kg) of tomatoes during 2020 inclduing Kharif
and Rabi seasons. Vegetables and fruits are commonly cultivated in district Mansehra due to
promising climatic and weather conditions. The Pahkli plain (Pakkhal valley) has productive and fertile
land because of its irrigation infrastructure. Despite of all suitable conditions of cultivation, Mansehran
ever placed itself in high tomato yielding districts of the province because of its pitiable yield per
area as compared to other districts of the province like Dir Upper, Nowshera, Mardan, Dir Lower,
Malakand, D.I. Khan, Swat and Chitral. In Mansehra district, tomato cultivation is a common trend
since independence of the country but it is still deprived of its actual productive potential.
There is an urgent need of exploring different aspects, responsible for low yield and stagnant
production of the tomato crop in the area. In this regard current study was initiated on the aspect
of identification of major insects/pests responsible for low yield and production of tomato crop in
the district.
Insects/pests management
In connection with inspects/pests management, Majority (75.4%) tomato growers used chemical
method to combat insects/pests attack while remaining (24.6%) used chemical and as well as physical
method. Tomato growers in the study area are highly (100%) reliant on insecticides/pesticides in
order to control insects/pests attack. Respondents with large family size and labour force furthermore
used physical method along with chemical application. Small-scale tomato growers heavily rely on
synthetic chemicals to combat diseases and pests (Nashwa and Abo-Elyousr, 2012; Asante et al.,
2013). In addition, Barasa et al., (2019) reported that tomato growers applied a range of chemical
groups to manage tomato pests and diseases.
Table 2 depicts that majority (81.5%) tomato growers faced aphids (order: Hemiptera) attack while
18.5% did not face followed by 61.5% who faced whitefly (order: Hemiptera) attack while 38.5% did
not face, Cutworm (order: Lepidoptera) attack was reported by 56.9% respondents while 43.1%
reported no attact, regarding mites (order: Trombidiformes) 55.4% reported its attack while 44.6%
reported no attack of mites, Armyworm (order: Lepidoptera) was reported by 52.3% while 47.7%
reported its no attack, Leaf miner (order: Diptera) attack was faced by 43.1% while 56.9% did not
face, thrips (order: Thysanoptera) attack was reported by 40.0% while 60.0% reported its no attack
and 35.4% faced attack of fruit fly (order: Diptera) while 64.6% did not face.
The study findings are in line with the results of Ishtiaq et al. (2017) who claimed that
Lepidopterans, white flies, leaf miners and aphids were identified as tomato insect pests in several
- 220 -
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