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(Meyrick), whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) Gennadius, thrips (Frankiliniella occidentalis) Pergade, African
bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) (Hubner), aphids (Myzus persicae) and mites Tetranychus spp.
(Infonet-Biovision, 2018; Wakil et al., 2018).
The crop also affected by diseases including early blight (Alternaria solani), bacterial wilt (Ralstonia
solanacearum), late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum), powdery
mildew (Oidium neolycopersici), tomato spotted wilt, chlorotic spot disease and tomato yeallow leaf
curl virus (Kubienova et al., 2013; Akrami and Yousefi, 2015).
The chemicals used against pests included Imidacloprid (24.4%), Alpha-cypermethrin (20.7%) and
Lambda-cyhalothrin (20%).
3.4. Pests and diseases affecting otmato production
Six arthropod pests including F. occidentals, T. absoluta, B. tabaci, H. armigera, Tetranychus sp., and
M. persicae were identified as main pests affecting otmato crop in Bungoma Country. Tuta absoluta
wa abundant in Sirisia followed by Mt. Elgon and least in Bumula Sub-country accounting for 29.3%,
27.65% and 5%, respectively.
3.5. Pest and disease management practices on tomato production
All farmers used chemicals in management of pests and disease. They relied on either single or a
combination of chemicals. The pesticides used by farmers included Lambda-cyhalothrin, Imidacloprid,
Acephate, Alpha-cypermethrin, Mancozeb and Flubendiamide. Imidacloprid, Lambda-cyhalthrin and
Alpha-cypermethrin were the most common pesticides used accounting for 24.4% in Sirisia, 30% in
Bumula and 20.7% in Mt. Elgon, respectively (Table 2). The fungicides used to control diseases
included Metalaxyl-M, Propineb+Cymoxanil, Mancozeb, Propineb and Carbendazim. Results of this
study found that the highest percentage of farmers (60%) in Bumula combined chemicals followed
by 22% in Sirisia and 20.7% in Mt. Elgon (Table 3).
There was variation in the responses on the effectiveness of the chemicals applied by the farmers in
tomato production. This could be due to difference in the frequency of chemical application, mode
of action and their target pathogens (Tarla et al., 2015). This was evident as some farmers
interviewed could not distinguish symptoms of early blight disease from that of T. absoluta pest and
this could result to application of wrong chemicals.
The findings demonstrated that tomato farmers in the study area have in depth knowledge of
tomato production. However, pests and disease were the major limitations to tomato production in
the region. There are still major gaps in knowledge concerning the use of chemicals on tomato
production and awareness on safer alternatives to synthetic chemicals such as use of bio-pesticides.
Therefore, the study recommends for increased awareness on the judicious use of chemicals,
frequency of application and risks associated with synthetic chemicals on tomato production.
++++++
Illakwahhi, D.T., & Srivastava, B.B. (2017). Control and Management of Tomato Leafminer -Tuta
Absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidotera, Gelechiidae) A Review.
The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), is becoming one of the key pests of tomato in
Tanzania; which account for its production loss of up to 80 to 100% if left unchecked. The pest was
first introduced in Tanzania in 2014. Due to porous nature of our borders and lack of quarantine
regulations implementation. Tomato producers in Tanzania have little understanding of leafminers, and
hence lack best practices for it control. The pest have developed resistance to dozens of pesticides
and therefore the (IPM) strategy that employs bio-chemical, biological, physical and cultural methods
is the only best option we had at time. Since its introduction in 2014, there was no any sound
action plan implemented.
There are several insect species feed on tomato for examples: thrips, whitefly, tomato fruit worm,
leafminer, leafhopper, aphid, mites and mealy bug. Introduction of non-indigenous species like tomato
leaf miner, Tuta absoluta to the new biotic community of the world has brought several problems in
different places in the world. Among the newly introduced species in Tanzania that are of significant
economic importance is Tuta absoluta. Due to lack of natural barriers, porous borders and lack of
quarantine regulation implementation, the wild species can move from one ecological community to
the other through human activities. This invasive pest, T. absoluta commonly known as the Tomato
leaf miner is considered a serious threat to tomato production worldwide. Tuta absoluta can destroy
an entire tomato farm, whether in the open field or in a greenhouse, if effective control measures
are not employed. Thousands of tomato farmers in Tanzania are suffering from serious production
losses due to devastating pest that destroyed their precious crop. The leafminers, T. absoluta,
originate from South America, is a significant pest of tomato, as well as other solanaceous crops like
eggplants, peppers, potatoes, beans and datura. It attacks all arial parts of the host (leaves, stems,
and fruits) and feeds within the tissues.
- 222 -
bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) (Hubner), aphids (Myzus persicae) and mites Tetranychus spp.
(Infonet-Biovision, 2018; Wakil et al., 2018).
The crop also affected by diseases including early blight (Alternaria solani), bacterial wilt (Ralstonia
solanacearum), late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum), powdery
mildew (Oidium neolycopersici), tomato spotted wilt, chlorotic spot disease and tomato yeallow leaf
curl virus (Kubienova et al., 2013; Akrami and Yousefi, 2015).
The chemicals used against pests included Imidacloprid (24.4%), Alpha-cypermethrin (20.7%) and
Lambda-cyhalothrin (20%).
3.4. Pests and diseases affecting otmato production
Six arthropod pests including F. occidentals, T. absoluta, B. tabaci, H. armigera, Tetranychus sp., and
M. persicae were identified as main pests affecting otmato crop in Bungoma Country. Tuta absoluta
wa abundant in Sirisia followed by Mt. Elgon and least in Bumula Sub-country accounting for 29.3%,
27.65% and 5%, respectively.
3.5. Pest and disease management practices on tomato production
All farmers used chemicals in management of pests and disease. They relied on either single or a
combination of chemicals. The pesticides used by farmers included Lambda-cyhalothrin, Imidacloprid,
Acephate, Alpha-cypermethrin, Mancozeb and Flubendiamide. Imidacloprid, Lambda-cyhalthrin and
Alpha-cypermethrin were the most common pesticides used accounting for 24.4% in Sirisia, 30% in
Bumula and 20.7% in Mt. Elgon, respectively (Table 2). The fungicides used to control diseases
included Metalaxyl-M, Propineb+Cymoxanil, Mancozeb, Propineb and Carbendazim. Results of this
study found that the highest percentage of farmers (60%) in Bumula combined chemicals followed
by 22% in Sirisia and 20.7% in Mt. Elgon (Table 3).
There was variation in the responses on the effectiveness of the chemicals applied by the farmers in
tomato production. This could be due to difference in the frequency of chemical application, mode
of action and their target pathogens (Tarla et al., 2015). This was evident as some farmers
interviewed could not distinguish symptoms of early blight disease from that of T. absoluta pest and
this could result to application of wrong chemicals.
The findings demonstrated that tomato farmers in the study area have in depth knowledge of
tomato production. However, pests and disease were the major limitations to tomato production in
the region. There are still major gaps in knowledge concerning the use of chemicals on tomato
production and awareness on safer alternatives to synthetic chemicals such as use of bio-pesticides.
Therefore, the study recommends for increased awareness on the judicious use of chemicals,
frequency of application and risks associated with synthetic chemicals on tomato production.
++++++
Illakwahhi, D.T., & Srivastava, B.B. (2017). Control and Management of Tomato Leafminer -Tuta
Absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidotera, Gelechiidae) A Review.
The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), is becoming one of the key pests of tomato in
Tanzania; which account for its production loss of up to 80 to 100% if left unchecked. The pest was
first introduced in Tanzania in 2014. Due to porous nature of our borders and lack of quarantine
regulations implementation. Tomato producers in Tanzania have little understanding of leafminers, and
hence lack best practices for it control. The pest have developed resistance to dozens of pesticides
and therefore the (IPM) strategy that employs bio-chemical, biological, physical and cultural methods
is the only best option we had at time. Since its introduction in 2014, there was no any sound
action plan implemented.
There are several insect species feed on tomato for examples: thrips, whitefly, tomato fruit worm,
leafminer, leafhopper, aphid, mites and mealy bug. Introduction of non-indigenous species like tomato
leaf miner, Tuta absoluta to the new biotic community of the world has brought several problems in
different places in the world. Among the newly introduced species in Tanzania that are of significant
economic importance is Tuta absoluta. Due to lack of natural barriers, porous borders and lack of
quarantine regulation implementation, the wild species can move from one ecological community to
the other through human activities. This invasive pest, T. absoluta commonly known as the Tomato
leaf miner is considered a serious threat to tomato production worldwide. Tuta absoluta can destroy
an entire tomato farm, whether in the open field or in a greenhouse, if effective control measures
are not employed. Thousands of tomato farmers in Tanzania are suffering from serious production
losses due to devastating pest that destroyed their precious crop. The leafminers, T. absoluta,
originate from South America, is a significant pest of tomato, as well as other solanaceous crops like
eggplants, peppers, potatoes, beans and datura. It attacks all arial parts of the host (leaves, stems,
and fruits) and feeds within the tissues.
- 222 -
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