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The use of chemical pesticides as its control measure is highly sought and the most effective
method to reduce T. absoluta treat level. However, the need for alternative control methods is
encouraged, considering that, the pest has developed resistance to dozens of the pesticides and the
negatie side effects of pesticides over-use to the environment and beneficial arthropods. Control
using sex- based pheromone to prevent mating has been developed; however, the ability of female
T. absoluta to reproduce parthenogenetically weakended any of these pheromone-based controls.
Some insects may be the best controlled by a combination of practices that are not fully effective
when used alone; T. absoluta is one of them.
To control those pests effectively, it is critical to combine all available control measures including
cultural methods, biological control agents and the correct use of registered pesticides. An Integrated
Pest Management (IPM) strategy that employs bio-chemical, biological, physical and cultural methods
is the only best option we had at time. According to, Tanzania farmers’ had poor classification and
low knowledge on Tuta absoluta and its control; what makes the matter more complicated.
Leaf miners are such a well-known and serious pest of tomato crops in Europe, South America,
North America, Asia and some Africa countries. The African countries facing the problem of T.
absoluta include Algeria, Egpt, Kenya, Libya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Tunisia, Zambia, Botswana, Ethiopia,
Sudan, Niger, Senegal, Uganda and Tanzania. Tuta absoluta is now one of the key pests of tomato in
Tanzania that pose a serious agricultureal threat to tomato production. Their control using chemical
pesticides is extremely difficult and quite challenging. Three reasons can be given to explain why
their controls using the chemical method is challenging.
1. Larvae mines whiin plant tissue (within stem, leaves and fruits) and are thus protected from
contacting insectidies. Chemical pesticides works well only when they contact with pest; as
they feed within the plant tissues, they are protected from contacting the chemicals, hence
reduction in pesticide’s field performance.
2. The large range of tis host plants increasing its persistence in the cultivated areas and
overwintering potential. Despite the tomato being the primary host for T. absoluta, tis has
other hosts (cultivated Solanaceae and wild Solanaceae). Cultivated Solanaceae that are host
to leaf miners are eggplants, peppers, potatoes, beans and tobacco and the wild Solanaceae
are Datura species. This will make the pest persistent in cultivated and uncultivated areas for
long time.
3. Their ability to develop resistance towards insecticides in another factor, which makes their
control quite challenging. Resistances of the pest to various chemical pesticides have been
reported in Brazil, Chile and Argentina. The pests were reported to be resistant to dozens of
insecticides including diamide insecticide Chlorantraniliprole, abamectin, methamidophos,
permethrin cartap.
4. They have high reproduction potential, capable of producing 10 to 12 generations per year
under the favorable conditions. With such high reproduction potential, they are likely to
undergo generic changes (mutation) which in turn causes resistance to pesticides.
What may farmers in Tanzania may not know is that pests like T. absoluta, which have a short
generation time and high reproductive potential, are at an increased risk of developing resistance to
insecticide use. To avoid a similar predicament, a shift in current pest management practices in
Tanzania is necessary. An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy that employs a holistic
integrated approach is likely to enhance the control of T. absoluta and other pests. There is a need
for the tomatoes stakeholders and agricultural sector in the country to develop a comprehensive
strategy to fight the pest. These strategies may help in early detection of the pest and stop the
multiplication of the pest before they cause any serious damage.
2.1. Origin and geographical distribution of T. absoluta
Over the last decade, its pest status has increased in importance as it has migrated into new
territories. The species is thought to originate from Chile and to have spread to South America,
Europe then to South East Asia and is now moving south from the lower Mediterranean shores into
Africa on different solanaceous crops after developing resistance to the commonly used plant
protection products. The review by considered the following countries to be infested with T. absoluta:
Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Bahrain, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cayman Islands, Chile,
Colombia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kosove, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon,
Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestinian Authority (West Bank), Panama,
Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal (including the Azores), Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (including the Canary Islands), Sudan, Sweden, Swetzerland, Syria, Tunisia,
Turkey, United Kingdom (all regions), Uruguay, Venezuela, and Wesern Sahara.
The rapid distribution of T. absolutes over wide geographic ares may be a result of various factors
such as its high biotic potential, the large range of its host plants (increasing its persistence in the
cultivated areas and overwintering potential), the intra-continental dispersal facilitation due to human
transportation and the artificial selection of insecticide-resistant populations. Furthermore, the absence
of co-evolved natural enemies may explain why the pest population dynamics in the newly invaded
areas are faster than in the native area, where natural enemies are more frequent.
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method to reduce T. absoluta treat level. However, the need for alternative control methods is
encouraged, considering that, the pest has developed resistance to dozens of the pesticides and the
negatie side effects of pesticides over-use to the environment and beneficial arthropods. Control
using sex- based pheromone to prevent mating has been developed; however, the ability of female
T. absoluta to reproduce parthenogenetically weakended any of these pheromone-based controls.
Some insects may be the best controlled by a combination of practices that are not fully effective
when used alone; T. absoluta is one of them.
To control those pests effectively, it is critical to combine all available control measures including
cultural methods, biological control agents and the correct use of registered pesticides. An Integrated
Pest Management (IPM) strategy that employs bio-chemical, biological, physical and cultural methods
is the only best option we had at time. According to, Tanzania farmers’ had poor classification and
low knowledge on Tuta absoluta and its control; what makes the matter more complicated.
Leaf miners are such a well-known and serious pest of tomato crops in Europe, South America,
North America, Asia and some Africa countries. The African countries facing the problem of T.
absoluta include Algeria, Egpt, Kenya, Libya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Tunisia, Zambia, Botswana, Ethiopia,
Sudan, Niger, Senegal, Uganda and Tanzania. Tuta absoluta is now one of the key pests of tomato in
Tanzania that pose a serious agricultureal threat to tomato production. Their control using chemical
pesticides is extremely difficult and quite challenging. Three reasons can be given to explain why
their controls using the chemical method is challenging.
1. Larvae mines whiin plant tissue (within stem, leaves and fruits) and are thus protected from
contacting insectidies. Chemical pesticides works well only when they contact with pest; as
they feed within the plant tissues, they are protected from contacting the chemicals, hence
reduction in pesticide’s field performance.
2. The large range of tis host plants increasing its persistence in the cultivated areas and
overwintering potential. Despite the tomato being the primary host for T. absoluta, tis has
other hosts (cultivated Solanaceae and wild Solanaceae). Cultivated Solanaceae that are host
to leaf miners are eggplants, peppers, potatoes, beans and tobacco and the wild Solanaceae
are Datura species. This will make the pest persistent in cultivated and uncultivated areas for
long time.
3. Their ability to develop resistance towards insecticides in another factor, which makes their
control quite challenging. Resistances of the pest to various chemical pesticides have been
reported in Brazil, Chile and Argentina. The pests were reported to be resistant to dozens of
insecticides including diamide insecticide Chlorantraniliprole, abamectin, methamidophos,
permethrin cartap.
4. They have high reproduction potential, capable of producing 10 to 12 generations per year
under the favorable conditions. With such high reproduction potential, they are likely to
undergo generic changes (mutation) which in turn causes resistance to pesticides.
What may farmers in Tanzania may not know is that pests like T. absoluta, which have a short
generation time and high reproductive potential, are at an increased risk of developing resistance to
insecticide use. To avoid a similar predicament, a shift in current pest management practices in
Tanzania is necessary. An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy that employs a holistic
integrated approach is likely to enhance the control of T. absoluta and other pests. There is a need
for the tomatoes stakeholders and agricultural sector in the country to develop a comprehensive
strategy to fight the pest. These strategies may help in early detection of the pest and stop the
multiplication of the pest before they cause any serious damage.
2.1. Origin and geographical distribution of T. absoluta
Over the last decade, its pest status has increased in importance as it has migrated into new
territories. The species is thought to originate from Chile and to have spread to South America,
Europe then to South East Asia and is now moving south from the lower Mediterranean shores into
Africa on different solanaceous crops after developing resistance to the commonly used plant
protection products. The review by considered the following countries to be infested with T. absoluta:
Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Bahrain, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cayman Islands, Chile,
Colombia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kosove, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon,
Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Morocco, Netherlands, Palestinian Authority (West Bank), Panama,
Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal (including the Azores), Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (including the Canary Islands), Sudan, Sweden, Swetzerland, Syria, Tunisia,
Turkey, United Kingdom (all regions), Uruguay, Venezuela, and Wesern Sahara.
The rapid distribution of T. absolutes over wide geographic ares may be a result of various factors
such as its high biotic potential, the large range of its host plants (increasing its persistence in the
cultivated areas and overwintering potential), the intra-continental dispersal facilitation due to human
transportation and the artificial selection of insecticide-resistant populations. Furthermore, the absence
of co-evolved natural enemies may explain why the pest population dynamics in the newly invaded
areas are faster than in the native area, where natural enemies are more frequent.
- 223 -
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